The Soldier :: essays research papers

Travis was a quite a bit older than the other soldiers who enlisted for service during World war 11. He was in his too soon thirties, only most of the soldiers were in their late teens or early twenties. Travis had been working since he was a boy, so he felt that he knew something about how the creative activity worked. He enlisted because he non only felt it was his duty to do so, but he also was looking for adventure. He was a tall, friendly man, with a booming voice and a good sense of humor. Soon, the younger soldiers were coming to him for advice or just to talk about how wishful they were. When his platoon needed a leader, Travis was chosen.It wasnt long before Traviss unit was shipped overseas. They eventually wound up on an island in the Pacific, far different from all place that the soldiers had ever seen. Snakes, monkeys, and bugs were everywhere, and the hot pants was almost unbearable. Many of the men quickly became sick, but their biggest problem was the enemy fire that constantly surround them. Travis had been looking for adventure, but he had to admit that this was not the kind of adventure he had hoped for. Still, he found himself doing things he never thought he would or could do secure wounds, planning attack strategies, intellection up camouflage ideas, and even writing letters home for the wounded soldiers. He knew that the men in his platoon trusted him and relied on him, and he was determined not to let them down.Travis served nearly four days in the army, all during World War 11. When he finally returned home, he was welcomed with spacious excitement and joy by his family and friends. Travis was glad to be home, of course, but he knew he was not the same person who set out adventure years before.The Soldier essays research papers Travis was a quite a bit older than the other soldiers who enlisted for service during World War 11. He was in his early thirties, but most of the soldiers were in their late teens or early twen ties. Travis had been working since he was a boy, so he felt that he knew something about how the world worked. He enlisted because he not only felt it was his duty to do so, but he also was looking for adventure. He was a tall, friendly man, with a booming voice and a good sense of humor. Soon, the younger soldiers were coming to him for advice or just to talk about how homesick they were. When his platoon needed a leader, Travis was chosen.It wasnt long before Traviss unit was shipped overseas. They eventually wound up on an island in the Pacific, far different from any place that the soldiers had ever seen. Snakes, monkeys, and bugs were everywhere, and the heat was almost unbearable. Many of the men quickly became sick, but their biggest problem was the enemy fire that constantly surround them. Travis had been looking for adventure, but he had to admit that this was not the kind of adventure he had hoped for. Still, he found himself doing things he never thought he would or coul d do bandaging wounds, planning attack strategies, thinking up camouflage ideas, and even writing letters home for the wounded soldiers. He knew that the men in his platoon trusted him and relied on him, and he was determined not to let them down.Travis served nearly four years in the army, all during World War 11. When he finally returned home, he was welcomed with great excitement and joy by his family and friends. Travis was glad to be home, of course, but he knew he was not the same person who set out adventure years before.

breif explination of characters and themes of catcher in the rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the ryeVocabulary1. Fencing - The contrivance or sport of using a foil, epe, or saber in attack and defense.2. Grippe - an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease.3. Phonies - Something not genuine a fake.4. Ashamed - Feeling shame or guilt.5. Compulsory - Obligatory required a compulsory examination6. Peculiar - Unusual or eccentric odd.7. Descriptive - Involving or characterized by description serving to describe.8. Conceited - Holding or characterized by an unduly high opinion of oneself vain.9. Psychoanalyzed - To analyze and palm by psychoanalysis.10. Halitosis - The condition of having stale or foul-smelling breath.11. Moron - A stupid person a dolt. 12. Suave - Smoothly agreeable and courteous.13. Ostracized - To banish from troupe to put under the ban to cast out from social, political, or private favor as, he was ostracized by his former friends.14. Bourgeois - A person whose perspectives and conduct are marked by conformity to the standards and conventi ons of the middle class.Questions1. Why is Holden expelled from Pency?He flunks all of his classes, except English.2. Identify the following characters and tell about Holdens attitude toward them Spencer Holdens history teacher at Pencey Prep. Holden seems to dismiss his opinions because he is older and sick at the time.Ackley Holdens next-door neighbor in his dorm at Pencey Prep. Holden feels that Ackley is a phony because he lies about his sexual experiences.Stradlater Holdens roommate at Pencey Prep. Holden calls him a secret slob because his one razor is very dirty. Holden also calls him a sexy phony because he is well liked and experienced with girls.Sally Hayes A girl who Holden has dated and known for a long time. He thinks she is stupid purge though he says she is well read. He also calls her a phony quite a bit.Mr. Antonlini Holdens former English teacher at the Elkton Hills School. Holden seems to esteem him and find him to be clever.3. Which people in the novel does Ho lden like? Why does he like these characters and dislike others?Holdens main distinction for liking or not -liking someone is whether or not he thinks they are phonies. Some of the characters he likes are his sister and brothers, Mr. Antolini, Jane and Carl Luce.4. Holden has trouble communicating with adults. Pick three adults in the novel and show how Holden miss-communicates with them.Spencer Holden doesnt respond to his concern and lecture the way an average student would by listening, instead he starts thinking of how hes in a robe and how he doesnt like to see old mens chests or having to be around someone with grippe.

Improving the Health of College Students Essay -- Health Nutrition Die

Improving the Health of College Students Did you know that public buildings s eat over one hundred people will short have to enlarge their seats to make accommodations for overweight people? (Winfrey) This question is only a slight definition of the problem with the unwellnessy habits of todays Americans. Research suggests that this problem of overwhelming weight gain of Americans is beginning with college students. It is estimated that the average college student will gain 15 pounds during their freshman year. Unwellnessy habits, of course, be non a new problem among college students. But part of the reason that unhealthy habits remains a problem in colleges and universities may be that people are uninformed and do not know whatsoever real solutions for the problem. The problem is American college students are putting their health at risk with poor eating and exercise habits because they are uneducated about living. The problem is not being solved because each individual has t heir own idea about what good health means. After researching, I found that at Arizona State University there are only two courses taught about health and exercise that can be taken to fulfill the general studies requirements (ASU Bulletin 77). One of the two classes is FON 344 Nutrition Services Management, in which the student will learn organization, administration, and management of food and nutrition services in hospitals and other institutions. The second class taught is NUR 254 Health for All Issues of World Health. In this class students will be introduced to issues of world health, determines of health and relationships of health to development and change. Out of the five core areas and three awareness areas, ... ...he only solution I could come up with and that I felt would make any kind of a difference in the American society. The health of our future lies in our hands, so lets use our minds to make a difference.Works Cited ElmerDewit, Philip. Fat times. clock time . Ja n 16, 1995 v145. N2. P58 (Hartley, Gregg. Why do Americans Exercise? Total Health.Oct 1995V17. N5. P36 (1).Healthy Eating Medlantic, Health Group On-LineImportance of Exercise. Usana, Independent Distributor. On-Li Oprah Winfrey. The Oprah Winfrey Show. March 4, 1997.Serotin and Eating Disorders. Medical science Bulletin. PharmeceuticaInformation Associates, Ltd.The food guide pyrmaid-for you. IFIC Source US. Department of Agriculture / V.S Department of Health and Human Services.What are Americans Eating.Nutrition ResearGeneral Studies Courses. ASU Bulletin. P7

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place Essay -- Literary Analysis, Ernest Hemingw

Ernest Hemingway captures the essence and origins of nihilistic thought in A Clean, well-lighted Place, written in a time of religious and moral confusion shortly after The Great War. The ideas expressed in this short story represent the business office World War 1 thinking of Hemingway, and the notoriously nihilistic Lost Generation in Paris, which was greatly influenced by the many traumas of war. Learning from his unnerving experiences in battle, Hemingway enforces the idea that all humans will inevitably fade into eternal nothingness and everything valued by humans is worthless. He develops this idea by creating a brilliant mockery of two coveted religious documents, revealing authority figures as typical, despicable, human beings, and reducing life into the most raw, simplistic, and frightening reality imaginable. He states that all humans will naturally die alone and literally be in despair about nothing (494), and that people will all seek a calm and pleasant cafe (496), or a self-inflicted death simply to escape despair. Undoubtedly, Hemingway destroys any existence of a higher convey because, in reality life is all a nothing, and a man is nothing too (496). By viewing the actions of 3 different generations, Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place elaborates on the idea that life is not continual enlightenment and growth, tho gradual despair, and an inevitable death into nada (497). The youthful and confident waiter, representing the youngest of the three male generations, is the only apparent spec of existentialist thought in the story. However, this young man is simply an unconcerned person due to his age he is not in despair because the end of his existence is not breathing down his neck at thi... ..., Well-Lighted Place, represent the opinions and views of one typical person, in one ordinary life. The theme of a instauration of nothingness is overwhelming to the human brain, and almost inconceivable, and everything we do in this life is simply intentional to help us take our mind off of death suicide is the ultimate escape from despair over nothing (494). Hemingways brilliant transitions in time explain how life eventually grows worse with age, and humans will succumb to suicide, drunkenness, or something comforting and safe, much like a clean, well-lighted cafe. Further, Hemingway has shown the world that man has created many bogus ways to cope with the insurmountable fear of nothingness, namely religion. People can try to kid their selves into feeling soulful, genuine, or meaningful, but there is no need to fear for the human soul, as it is non-existent.

The Killing Floor :: Essays Papers

The Killing Floor plainspoken Custer leaves his young family in rural Mississippi in pursuit of industrial employment in the northern Promised Land of Chicago, Illinois. Little did he know about the true extent of the journey he was about to embark on. ab initio a move to secure work and improve upon the conditions which surrounded him and his family Frank was about to change more in his life-time then just his scotch status. Immediately upon arriving in the bustling city, Frank and his close friend Thomas gravitate towards other working class African-Americans with similar backgrounds. Unable to read or write, the two men enlist the aide of their local YMCA in finding jobs at a local meat packing plant. Franks root encounters at the packinghouse set the tone for what is to entail. Racial tensions combined with aggressions concerning class associated positions boil just barely beneath the surface on the killing floor.Conditions at the meatpacking plant are considerably le ss then favorable. The hours are long, the work is backbreaking, and the position in which he works does not pay actually well. However, Franks compensation for these conditions are his relationships with the other men whom he lives near and works around. Spending his evenings playing cards and talking with the men introduces Frank to more then just a little relaxation issues about politics, race relations, and especially the lily-white mans union dominate the psychedelic conversations. During this time Im amazed at how Frank refuses to let himself get dragged into blindly believing the popular opinions in which his peers hold. He lives an honest life and pursues in finding the whole story beneath the surface of the current topics. Frank consistently demonstrates that he will not settle with keeping his holding as is expected of him. It appears as if the people he encounters from day to day are trying to keep segregation and the Old South alive. His peers along with memb ers of the company are dissatisfied with the decisions and alliances with which Frank is making. They feel that the strides he is taking to improve himself i.e., saving money and purchasing a butcher knife, exhibiting real enthusiasm in learning the tricks of new trades, and joining the white mans union, are unnecessary and a blatant demonstration of selling out to the white community.

The Killing Floor :: Essays Papers

The Killing Floor dog Custer leaves his young family in rural Mississippi in pursuit of industrial use of goods and services in the northern Promised Land of Chicago, Illinois. Little did he know about the true extent of the journey he was about to embark on. Initially a move to secure work and improve upon the conditions which surrounded him and his family Frank was about to change more(prenominal) in his life then just his economical status. forthwith upon arriving in the bustling city, Frank and his close friend Thomas gravitate towards other working class African-Americans with similar backgrounds. Unable to read or write, the ii men enlist the aide of their local YMCA in finding jobs at a local meat packing plant. Franks first encounters at the packinghouse set the tone for what is to entail. Racial tensions combined with aggressions concerning class associated positions boil just b atomic number 18ly beneath the surface on the killing floor.Conditions at the meatpac king plant are considerably less then favorable. The hours are long, the work is backbreaking, and the position in which he works does not pay very well. However, Franks compensation for these conditions are his relationships with the other men whom he lives near and works around. Spending his evenings playing cards and talking with the men introduces Frank to more then just a little relaxation issues about politics, race relations, and especially the white mans union dominate the colorful conversations. During this clock time Im amazed at how Frank refuses to let himself get dragged into blindly believing the popular opinions in which his peers hold. He lives an honest life and pursues in finding the whole story beneath the surface of the current topics. Frank consistently demonstrates that he will not settle with keeping his place as is expected of him. It appears as if the people he encounters from day to day are trying to keep segregation and the Old South alive. His pe ers along with members of the community are dissatisfied with the decisions and alliances with which Frank is making. They feel that the strides he is taking to improve himself i.e., saving money and purchasing a butcher knife, exhibiting real enthusiasm in attainment the tricks of new trades, and joining the white mans union, are unnecessary and a blatant demonstration of selling out to the white community.

Attendance monitoring system Essay

CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that this cogitation embodies the original work do by Saurebh Kumar Jain, Uma Joshi and Bhupesh Kumar Sharma during this project submission as a partial ful playment of the requisite for the administration Design Project of Masters of Computer employment IV Semester, of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. attending counsel arrangementIntroductionAttendance heed System is a softw are developed for daily student attention in schools, collages and institutes. If facilitates to access the attention in machinateation of a particular student in a particular class. The in imageation is sorted by the operators, which will be provided by the teacher for a particular class. This constitution will also help in evaluating attention eligibility criteria of a student.PurposeThe purpose of developing attendance management system is to information processing systemized the tradition way of taking attendance. Another purpose for developing thissoftware is to fork up the report automatically at the end of the school term or in the between of the session ScopeThe scope of the project is the system on which the software is installed, i.e. the project is developed as a scope application, and it will work for a particular institute. But later on the project cease be modified to operate it online.6Attendance Management SystemTechnology UsedLanguage-VB.NETBackend-MS-AccessSystem RequirementMinimum RAM-256 MBHard Disk-40 GBProcessor-Intel Pentium 4 in operation(p) System-Windows XP Service Pack2OverviewAttendance Management System basically has two main modules for proper functioning First module is admin which has right for creating space for impudent batch. Any entry of new faculty, Updation in Second module is handled by the user which can be a attendance, generating report. Attendance can be interpreted in two ways On the basis of Subject and calendar month.7Attendance Management System On the basis of Class.8Attendance Managemen t SystemEconomically Feasibility The system being developed is economic with respect to School or Collages point of view. It is cost good in the sense that has eliminated the paper work completely.The system is also time effective because the calculations are automated which are made at the end of the month or as per the user requirement. The result obtained contains minimum errors and are highly accurate as the entropy is required.Technical feasibilityThe technical requirement for the system is economic and it does not use any other additional Hardware and software.Behavioral FeasibilityThe system working is quite easy to use and key out due to its simple but attractive interface. drug user requires no special training for operating the system.Attendance Management SystemWorking Of Present System In the present system all work is done on paper. The whole session attendance is stored in register and at the and of the session the reports are generated. We are not interested in ge nerating report in the middle of the session or as per the requirement because it takes more time in calculation. At the end of session the students who dont have 75% attendance get a notice.DISADVANTAGES OF PRESENT WORKINGSYSTEM Not User friendly The existing system is not user friendly because the retrieval of data is very slow and data is not maintained efficiently. Difficulty in report generating We require more calculations to generate the report so it is generated at the end of the session. And the student not get a single chance to improve their attendance Manual control All calculations to generate report is done manually so there is greater chance of errors. Lots of paperwork Existing system requires set of paper work. Loss of even a single register/record led to difficult situation because all the papers are needed to generate the reports. Time consuming Every work is done manually so we cannot generate report in the middle of the session or as per therequirement because it is very time consuming.10Attendance Management SystemCHAREACTERSTIC OF THE PROPOSEDSYSTEM User Friendly- The proposed system is user friendlybecause the retrieval and storing of data is fast and data is maintained efficiently. Moreover the graphical user interface is provided in the proposed system, which provides user to deal with the system very advantageously. Reports are easily generated reports can be easily generated in the proposed system so user can generate the report as per the requirement (monthly) or in the middle of the session. User can fleet the notice to the students so he/she become regular. Very less paper work The proposed system requires very less paper work. All the data is feted into the computer immediately and reports can be generated through computers. Moreover work become very easy because there is no need to keep data on papers. Computer operator control Computer operator control will be there so no chance of errors. Moreover storing and retrieving o f information is easy. So work can be done speedily and in time.Attendance Management System1. Login FormThis login Form is made For Security purpose. So only Authenticated User only Access in to the Project. There are two token of persons can enter in the project1. Administrator2. User22Attendance Management System2. Add Information FormThis form is showed when authorized administrator enters his correct User Name and Password. This Form gives the resource to fill the name of Students and the name of Teacher if a new faculty has joined.23Attendance Management System3. Student Information FormThis form enables the Administrator to fill the name of Students and there Semester where the Student Id will change automatically when a Student is saved in theDatabase. And course Will Be remain same because thisSystem is made for MCA Students.24Attendance Management System4. Teacher Information FormThis Form is made for Administrator to fill up the name of teachers when teacher Id is chan ged automatically. If a new teacher joined the collage its name also is included in the System25Attendance Management System5. User FormThis form is opened when user fill up his correct User Name and Password and User Type Is user. The is form enables the user to fill up attendance of every student and see whish student is short amounted and what is the total attendance of each individual(a) attendance in a particular Subject and in a particular month26Attendance Management System6. Semester FormThis form facilitates the user to choose a semester in which attendance is to be filled. In this system we are using theFourth Semester so when the user clicks on Semester4 thelist of Semester 4 students is come.27Attendance Management System7. Attendance FormThis Form is used to choose subjects and the month for which attendance is to be filled up and show a list of students. When a User click to corresponding Check box and click on save the students will be give tongue to present and th eir attendance is added.28Attendance Management System8. Report Form8.1. Short List FormThis form shows the list of Short listed students. We can see this list according to Subject wise and month wise. When user click on view, then list is shown accordingly.29Attendance Management System8.2. Attendance Status FormThis form shows the status of the students or we can saynumber of classes attended in a particular subject in aparticular month. When user click on the View Status button of short list form then this form will seem with the status.30Attendance Management SystemConclusionThe Attendance Management System is developed using Visual Basic.NET fully meets the objectives of the system which it has been developed. The system has reached a steady state where all bugs have been eliminated. The system is operated at a high level of efficiency and all the teachers and user associated with the system understands its advantage. The system solves the problem. It was intend to solve as re quirement specification.31Attendance Management SystemBibliography1. The complete Reference Visual Basic.NET2. Beginning VB.NET (Wrox Publication)3. System Analysis and Design also known as M. Awad4. Software Engineering Roger PressmanWebsites1. www.microsoft.com2. www.w3schools.com3. www.dotnetspider.com32Attendance Management SystemFuture ScopeAttendance Management System has many

Values- Allport-Vernon

Define Values. Critically evaluate Allport-Vernon classification of entertains. How valuesaffectthe business processes. Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode ofconduct or end-state of domain is personally or socially preferable toan opposite or converse mode of conduct orend-state of existence (Rokeach, 1973). When the valuesare ranked in terms oftheirintensity, i. e. , when the value are prioritized in terms of their intensity, it is called valuesystem.Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideologic (political,religious) values, social values, and aesthetic values. Values have both content and intensityattributes. The content attribute signifies that amode of conduct or end-state of existence is Copernican. The intensity attribute specifieshow important it is. Ranking an someones values in terms of their intensity equals thatpersons value system. Values build the foundation for the understanding of attitudes and motivation of anindividual, since value has agreat impact on perceptions.Values shape relationships,behaviors, and choices. The more positive our values, more positiveare peoples actions. Asignificant portion of the values an individual holds is established in the early yearsfromparents, teachers, friends, and others. Allport-Vernon classification of values 1. Theoretical chase in the discovery of truth through reasoning andsystematicthinking. 2. Economic enkindle in usefulness and practicality, including theaccumulation of wealth. 3. AestheticInterest in beauty, form andartistic harmony. 4. Social Interest in people and humanrelationships. 5. Political Interest in gaining power and influencing other people. 6. Religious Interest in unity and understanding the cosmos asa whole. Work behavior across cultures andbusinesses In every culture, there are different setsof attitudes and values which affectbehavior. Similarly, every individual has a set of attitudes and beliefs filters through which he/sheviews managemen t situations within organizational context.Managerialbeliefs, attitudesand values can affect organizations positivelyor negatively. Managers portray trust andrespect in their employees in differentways in different cultures. This is a black market of theirown cultural backgrounds. For example, managers fromspecific culturestend to focusonly on the behavior that takes place at work, in contrast to managers from diffusedcultures who focus on wider range of behaviorincluding employees private and

Dissertation writing Essay

Our writers be highly educated and knowledgeable Ph. D. holders who are fully equipped to stir all your needs regarding your dissertation. We are well versed in a wide variety of topics and have the expertness to help you with just about any type of look for imaginable. We possess in abundance the skills and tools that will grant you the best product. In fact, our versatility lets us specialize in any part of the dissertation. We help oneself you in writing introductions, thesis statements, hypotheses, as well as in doing in-depth literature reviews.We also provide methodologies, data presentation, statistical analysis, and discussion of the results. Finally, we help you draw poker things together in a thorough yet concise conclusion, and provide extensive referencing in any style requisite by your faculty. The creativity and expertise we bring to your dissertation is limited only by the scope of your paper, and we are always ready to push the envelope to make your dissertatio n ground happy chance in its relevance.Our ExpertiseThe expertise and thorough educational background of our writers means you can trust the content of your dissertation to any of our team. Our writers possess decades of post-graduate experience coach Ph. D. candidates toward the completion of their dissertations. Every one of our writers has had a very high level of success helping others just like you to produce award winning dissertations. The tone of voice of the papers we produce is unsurpassed, as we delve deeply into foundational theory and are careful to ground all our reasoning and conclusions in become scientific and donnish principles.Our literature is researched using only the most thoroughly peer reviewed journals or academician texts. Furthermore, the practical and empirical methods we employ for fieldwork is based on sound research design and protocol. Then, we even go the extra mile to help you to prepare for the defense by giving you sample questions that allo w you to anticipate the rigor of that forthcoming hurdle. Research Methodology Our experts handle research methodologies with the utmost care, as we base every procedural step upon a sound framework.Our research designs are constructed to elicit the most relevant and useful information from which to make educated inferences and draw conclusions. In fact our protocol will always align with the methods of sound academic research that has been accepted by academics worldwide. Finally, our knowledge leads us to the selection of the operational tools that are most appropriate for the data. Statistical Analysis Building on our sound methodological principles, the data collected from research design implementation is systematically handled in order to optimize its organization.We take over the task of selecting the data collecting procedures, and then choose the statistical methods that will best represent the data and give it greatest significance. Our data is analyzed using the most c utting-edge software, such(prenominal) as SPSS, STATA, ANOVA, and Statistica. Plus, our writers are expert statisticians who are knowledgeable about the use and interpretation of the statistics provided by these programs. Formatting The proper dissertation format is of crucial richness in this high-level academic work.Our writers are experts at taking badly constructed dissertations and making them conform to the academic standards of structure. The professionalism and readability of your work will be enhance by our writers, as we have the special knowledge that dictates the systematic methods through which the data must pass in each successive section of the dissertation. Furthermore, our writers are thoroughly familiar with the referencing styles that are most used in academia, and are able to bring any written work to conformity with the format required within its discipline.

Linguistics and Interjections Essay

In horse opera philosophy and linguistic theory, interventionsthat is, delivery like oof, ouch, and bleahhave tradition tout ensembley been tacit to indicate ruttish farmings. This article offers an account of interjections in Qeqchi Maya that illuminates their loving and discursive functions. In trigger officular, it discusses the grammatical piddle of interjections, two in Qeqchi and across oral communications, and characterizes the index fingerical goals and virtual(a) functions of interjections in Qeqchi in terms of a semiotic framework that whitethorn be generalized for other lyric poems.With these grammatical forms, indexical objects, and pragmatic functions in hand, it details the various affectionate and discursive ends that interjections serve in wiz Qeqchi community, thereby shedding light on topical anaesthetic values, norms, ontological classes, and social congresss. In short, this article argues against interpretations of interjections that focus on in side emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context.p a u l k o c k e l m a n is McKennan Post-Doctoral Fellow in linguistic Anthropology in the Depart ment of Anthropology at Dartmouth College (Hanover, N. H. 03755, U. S. A. paul. kockelmandartmouth. edu). Born in 1970, he was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz (B. A. , 1992) and the University of moolah (M. S. , 1994 Ph. D. , 2002).His publications include The Collection of Copal among the Qeqchi-Maya (Research in Economic Anthropology 2016394), Factive and Counterfactive Clitics in Qeqchi-Maya Stance, Status, and Subjectivity, in Papers from the Thirty-eighth Annual Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society (Chicago Linguistics Society, in press), and The Interclausal Relations Hierarchy in Qeqchi Maya (International Journal of American Linguistics 692548). The present paper was submitted 1 vi 01 and accepted 27 xii 02.1. A longer ve rsion of this article was presented at the workshop Semiotics Culture in Context at the University of Chicago in January 2001. Chris B every(prenominal), Anya Bernstein, John Lucy, and Michael Silverstein tout ensemble provided very helpful commentary. This article likewise greatly bene? ted from suggestions made by Benjamin S. Orlove and several anonymous referees. Western philosophy and linguistic theory have traditionally considered interjections at the periphery of language and primordially related to emotion.For example, the Latin grammarian Priscian de? ned interjections as a part of row signifying an emotion by means of an unformed word (Padley 1976266). Muller (1862) ? thought that interjections were at the limit of what might be called language. Sapir (192167) said that they were the ne ruff of all language sounds to instinctive utterance. Bloom? eld (19841933177) said that they come out under a violent stimulus, and Jakobson (1960 354) considered them exemplars of the stringently emotive stratum of language. time interjections ar no longer considered peripheral to linguistics and be now carefully de? ned with respect to their grammatical form, their meanings remain vague and elusive. In peculiar(prenominal), although interjections are no longer characterized purely in terms of emotion, they are still characterized in terms of amiable states. For example, Wierzbicka (1992164) characterizes interjections as referring to the speaker units current mental state or mental act. Ameka (1992a107) says that from a pragmatic point of view, interjections may be de?ned as a subset of items that encode speaker attitudes and communicative intentions and are contextbound, and Montes (19991289) nones that galore(postnominal) interjections focus on the internal reception of affectedness of the speaker with respect to the referent. Philosophers have offered similar interpretations. For example, Herder thought that interjections were the human equiva lent of animal sounds, being both a language of odour and a law of nature (196688), and Rousseau, pursuing the origins of language, theorized that protolanguage was entirely interjectional (199071).Indeed, much(prenominal) philosophers have posited a historical transition from interjections to language in which the latter allows us not totally to index pain and express fondness but likewise to denote values and exercise reason (DAtri 1995). 2 Thus interjections have been understood as a semiotic artifact of our natural origins and the most transparent index of our emotions. Such an understanding of interjections is deeply rooted in Western thought. Aristotle (1984), for example, posited a contrastive blood between voice, proper only to humans as instantiated in language, and sound, shared by humans and animals as instantiated in cries.This contrastive relation was then compared with other analogous contrastive relations, in particular, value and pleasure/pain, polis and househ old, and bios (the good life, or political life proper to humans) and zoe (pure life, shared by all living things). Such a contrast is so pervasive that modern philosophers much(prenominal) as Agamben (1995) have devoted much of their scholarly work to the mentation out of this tradition and others built on it such as id versus ego in the Freudian paradigm. In short, the folk distinction made between interjections and language 2.DAtri (1995124) argues that, for Rousseau, interjections . . . are sounds and not voices they are passive registerings and as such do not presuppose the intervention of leave behind, which is what characterizes human acts of speech. 467 468 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, Number 4, AugustOctober 2003 proper maps onto a larger set of distinctions in Western thought emotion and cognition, animality and humanity, nature and culture, female and male, passion and reason, bare life and the good life, pain and value, private and public, and so on (see, e.g. , Lutz 1988, Strathern 1988).In this article I avoid such abstracting and dichotomizing traps by going great to the heart of interjections their everyday usage in actual discourse when seen in the context of local culture and grounded in a semiotic framework. I demoralize by characterizing the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I carried out my research and go on to relate interjections to other linguistic forms, showing how they are both similar to and distinct from other classes of words in natural languages.Next I provide and exemplify a semiotic framework, generalizable across languages, in terms of which the indexical objects and pragmatic functions of interjections can best be characterized. Then I detail the local usage of the 12 most commonly apply interjections in Qeqchi and show the way in which they are tied into all things cultural values, norms, ontological classes, social relations, and so on. I conclude by discussing the coition frequency with which the various forms and functions of interjections are apply.In short, I argue against interpretations of interjections that focus on emotional states by providing an account of their meanings in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. Linguistic and Ethnographic Context While I am attempting to provide as wide a theoretical account of interjections as I can, thereby providing a metalanguage for speaking about similar sign phenomena in other languages, I am also trying to capture the grammatical niceties of Qeqchi Maya and the discursive and social particularities of one Qeqchi-speaking closure in particular.Before I begin my analysis, then, I want to sketch the linguistic and ethnographic context in which I worked. Qeqchi is a language in the Kichean branch of the Mayan family, spoken by nearly 360,000 speakers in Guatemala (in the departments of Alta Verapaz, Izabel, and Peten) and Belize (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980). 3 Lin? guistically, Qeqchi is rela tively well described scholars such as Berinstein (1985), Sedat (1955), Stewart (1980), Stoll (1896), and Chen Cao et al.(1997) have discussed its syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon, and I have detailed various morphosyntactic forms (encoding grammatical categories such as mood, status, evidentiality, taxis, and inalienable possession) as they intersect with sociocultural values and contextual features and as they illuminate local modes of personhood (Kockelman 3. Typologically, Qeqchi is a morphologically ergative, head-marking language. In Qeqchi, vowel length (signaled by doubling letters) is phonemic /k/ and /q/ are velar and uvular plosives, respectively, and /x/ and /j/ are palato-alveolar and velar fricatives, respectively.All other phonemes have their standard IPA values. 2002, 2003a, b). This article is therefore part of a larger project in which I examine how wise(p) and evaluative stances are encoded in natural languages and the relations that such stances sojou rn to local modes of subjectivity.Alta Verapaz, the original center of the Qeqchi-speaking people who still make up the mass of its population, has had a unusual history even by Guatemalan standards. In 1537, later on the Spanish crown had failed to conquer the indigenous peoples living there, the Dominican beggar Bartolome de Las Casas was permitted to ?pacify the area through religious methods.Having succeeded, he changed the name of the area from Tezulutlan (Land of War) to Verapaz (True Peace), and the Dominicans were granted full control over the areathe state banning layperson immigration, removing all military colonies, and nullifying previous land grants. In this way, for almost 300 years the area remained an isolated enclave, relatively protected by the paternalism of the church in comparison with other parts of Guatemala (King 1974, Sapper 1985).This ended abruptly in the late 1800s, however, with the advent of coffee growing, liberal reforms, and the in? ux of Europea ns (Cambranes 1985, Wagner 1996). Divested of their land and forced to work on coffee plantations, the Qeqchi began migrating north into the unpopulated lowland forests of the Peten ? and Belize (Adams 1965, Carter 1969, Howard 1975, Kockelman 1999, Pedroni 1991, Saa Vidal 1979, Schwartz 1990, Wilk 1991). In the gone 40 years this migration has been fueled by a civil war that has ravaged the Guatemalan countryside, with the Qeqchi ?eeing not just scarce resources and labor quotas but also their own nations soldiersoften forcibly conscripted speakers of other Mayan languages (Carmack 1988, IWGIA 1978, Wilson 1995). As a consequence, the past century has seen the Qeqchi population spread from Alta Verapaz to the Peten and ? nally to Belize, Mexico, and even the ? United States. Indeed, although only the fourth largest of some 24 Mayan languages, Qeqchi is thought to have the largest percentage of monolinguals, and the ethnic group is Guatemalas fastest-growing and most geographically extensive (Kaufman 1974, Stewart 1980).The two key ethnographies of Qeqchi-speakers have been written by Wilk (1991) and Wilson (1995), the former treating household ecology in Belize and the latter upheavals in village life and identity at the height of the civil war in highland Guatemala during the 1980s. In addition to these monographs, there are also a emergence of dissertations and articles on the history (King 1974, Sapper 1985, Wagner 1996), ecology (Carter 1969, Secaira 1992, Wilson 1972), and migration (Adams 1965, Howard 1975, Pedroni 1991) of Qeqchi-speakingpeople.The information for this article are based on almost two years of ethnographic and linguistic ? eldwork among speakers of Qeqchi, most of it in Chinahab, a village of some 80 families (around 650 people) in the municipality of San Juan Chamelco, in the department of Alta Verapaz. At an altitude of approximately 2,400 m, Chinahab is one of the highest villages in this area, with an annual precipitation of muc h than 2,000 mm.It is also one of k o c k e l m a n The Meanings of Interjections in Qeqchi Maya F 469the most remote, entree to the closest road requiring a three-hour encouragement down a steep and muddy single-track trail. Its relatively high altitude and remote location provide the thoroughgoing(a) setting for cloud forest, and such a cloud forest provides the perfect setting for the resplendent quetzal, being home to what is thought to be the highest density of such birds in the world.Because of the existence of the quetzal and the cloud forest in which it makes its home, Chinahab has been the site of a successful eco-tourism project the conditions and consequences of which are detailed in my dissertation (Kockelman 2002).While the majority of villagers in Chinahab are monolingual speakers of Qeqchi, some men who have served time in the army or worked as itinerant traders speak some Spanish. All the villagers are Catholic. Chinahab is divided by a mountain peak with dwelling s on both of its sides and in the surrounding valleys. It takes about 45 minutes to hike across the village. At one end there is a biological station kept by the eco-tourism project and used sporadically by European ecologists, and at the other there is a Catholic church and a cemetery.In the center there is a small store, a school for chief(a) and secondary grades, and a soccer ? eld. The surrounding landscape is cloud forest giving way to scattered house sites, agricultural parcels, pasture, and ? elds now fallow. All villagers sop up in corn-based, or milpa, agriculture, but very few have enough land to ful? ll all of their subsistence needs. 4 For this reason, many women in the village are employ to chicken husbandry, most men in the village engage in seasonal labor on plantations (up to ?ve months a year in some eccentric persons), and many families engage in itinerant trade (women weaving baskets and textiles for the men to sell) and eco-tourism (the women hosting tourists and the men guiding them).Dwelling sites often contain a scattering of houses in which rest an older couple and their married sons, all of whom share a water source and a pasture. The individual families themselves often have two houses, a relatively traditional thatched-roof house in which the family cooks and sleeps and a relatively new house with a tin roof in which they host festivals and in which older children and ecotourists may sleep.Because of eco-tourism and the in? ux of money and strangers that it brings, there has been an increase in the construction of such tin-roofed houses, and, as pull up stakes be seen, many of my examples of interjections come from such construction contexts. My data on the use of interjections among villagers in Chinahab comes from 14 months of ? eldwork carried out between 1998 and 2001. The data collection con4. Before 1968, what is now Chinahab was owned by the owner of a plantation.Qeqchi-speakers who lived in the village of Popobaj (locat ed to the south of and lower than Chinahab) were permitted to make their milpa in this area in exchange for two weeks of labor per month on the ? nca (Secaira 199220). Only in 1968, when a group of villagers got together to form a land acquisition committee, were some 15 caballer? as (678 ha) of land purchased from the owner ? for 4,200 quetzals (US$4,200).This land, while legally owned by the entire community, was divided among the original 33 villagers as a function of their original contributions.sisted in part of characterizing tokens of usage when I heard them and in part of tracking tokens of usage through legerings of naturally occurring conversations.5 In particular, given the fact that many interjections occur in relatively nonconversational, task-engaged situations (house building, planting, playing, cooking, etc. ), trying to record them in such contexts was futile. Luckily, as will be seen, they often occur in modes of disruption (when some goal-directed action goes aw ry), which makes them relatively easy to menu in real-time context and their contextual regularities relatively easy to stipulate.In addition, I tape-recorded naturally occurring conversations in the households of three families once a week over several months, usually at dinnertime. 6 After I describe the forms and meanings of the interjections I will discuss the relative frequency of the various tokens compile and thereby illuminate which forms and meanings are most often used by whom. The Grammatical Form of Interjections There are four criteria by which interjections may be differentiated from other linguistic forms within a particular language and generalized as a form class across languages (Ameka 1992, Bloom?eld 19841933, Jespersen 1965, Wilkins 1992).First, all interjections are conventional lexical forms, or words, that can constitute utterances on their own (Wilkins 1992). They are conventional in that their sign carriers have relatively standardized and arbitrary phonol ogical forms, and they can constitute utterances on their own because their only syntagmatic relation with other linguistic forms is parataxisin which two forms are united by the use of only one sentence pitch (Bloom? eld 19841933171).They can therefore stand alone as perfectly sensible stretches of talk before and after which there is silence. Second, with few exceptions, no interjection is simultaneously a member of other word class (Ameka 1992a, Wilkins 1992). Almost all of them are what Ameka (1992a105), following Bloom? eld (19841933), calls primary interjections little words or non-words which . . . can constitute an utterance by themselves and do not ordinarily enter into constructions with other word classes. In Qeqchi, the main exceptions are interjections built, through lexical extension, from the primary interjection ay.In the case of ay dios, the additional 5. I also include several examples of interjection usage that occurred in the context of ethnographic interview s about topics other than interjections, for these often indicated that an ethnographic question was poorly posed or inappropriate in the local context. I also carried out extensive interviews about the meanings of interjections with native speakers (see Kockelman 2002 for an extended discussion of the relationship between form, usage, and speakers re? ections).6.Indeed, the best two accounts of interjection-like things response cries in Goffman (1978) and emblematic gestures in Sherzer (1993)explicitly take into account social interaction and ethnographic description. Good accounts of the discursive use of interjections are offered by De Bruyn (1998), Ehlich (1986), Gardner (1998), and Meng and Schrabback (1999). 470 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, Number 4, AugustOctober 2003 element, dios, is a loan noun from Spanish, meaning god. In the case of ay dios atinyuwa, besides the Spanish loanword there is a Qeqchi expression, at-in-yuwa (you are my father).Interject ions of this latter kind, which are or involve forms that belong to other word classes, will be called secondary interjections (again following Ameka and Bloom? eld). Similarly, the face secondary interjections damn and heavens may be used as both interjections and verbs or nouns. Third, with few exceptions, an interjection consists of a single morpheme and abidees neither in? ectional nor derivational processes (Wilkins 1992). Interjections cannot be in? ectionally marked for grammatical categories such as tense or number, and they cannot be further derived into another form class such as noun or verb.Such forms are often classi? ed as a subclass of particles or discourse markers (see Ameka 1992a, Fraser 1999, Jespersen 1965, Schiffrin 1987, Wilkins 1992, and Zwicky 1985). In Qeqchi there are three exceptions to this characterization. First, uyaluy is what I will call a reduplicative interjection, being composed, through syllabic reduplication, from the interjection uy. Second, a y dios and ay dios atinyuwa are what I will call extended interjections, being composed, through lexical extension, from the interjection ay.And lastly, the interjection ay may undergo further derivation into a delocutionary verb (becoming ayaynak, to cry or yell continually, often said of dogs howling), which may then undergo normal verbal in? ection for grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, person, and number. Lastly, although it is not a criterial feature, many of these forms are phonologically or morphologically anomalous, having features which mark them as odd or unique relative to the standard lexical forms of a language.For example, unlike most Qeqchi words, in which stress falls on the last syllable (Stewart 1980), the interjection uyaluy has syllable-initial stress. Similarly, while reduplication is a common morphological process in Qeqchi (Stewart 1980), the reduplicative interjection uyaluy is derived through a nonstandard morphological form. While many Qeqchi wor ds involve a glottalized alveolar stop, the interjection t is also implosive.7 Whereas the Spanish loanword dios is usually phonetically assimilated in Qeqchi as tiox when used as a noun, in the interjection ay dios there is no devoicing of the initial consonant of this noun (i.e. , /d/ does not become /t/) or palatization of its ? nal consonant (i. e. , /s/ does not become /x/). And the interjection sht differs from ordinary Qeqchi words in using /sh/, rather than a vowel, as a syllabic (see Bloom? eld 19841933121).In short, it is clear from the number of quali? cations that interjections, like most linguistic forms, are dif? cult to characterize with necessary and suf? cient conditions (see Taylor 1995, Zwicky 1985). Nevertheless, they may simultaneously be differentiated from other form classes within a particular language and generalized as a form class across languages.7. Often called a dental click (Wilkins 1992) or a suction stop (Jespersen 196590). Readers who speak some Spa nish may have noticed that many Qeqchi interjections look similar to Spanish interjectionsay (dios), uy, ah, eh, shtand even to side of meat interjections (sht and t). While I have no historical data that would attest to such a claim, given the history of sustained linguistic get through between speakers of Spanish and Qeqchi via the colonial encounter and between speakers of Spanish and English this should come as no rage.The one good account of interjections in Spanish (Montes 1999) discusses only a small range of the discursive functions of interjections and focuses on the internal state of the speaker. As I will show, however, the meanings of some of these interjections in Qeqchi seem to bear a resemblance to their meanings in Spanish, as far as can be discerned from the comparative data. In this way, these loan interjections show that almost any linguistic form may be borrowed (see Brody 1995) with some maintenance of its meaning.The Meanings of Qeqchi InterjectionsAlthough interjections are relatively easy to characterize from the standpoint of grammatical form, there is no framework in terms of which one may order and compare their meaningsthat is, the classes of objects and signs that they index (and thereby stand in a relationship of contiguity with) and the types of pragmatic functions they serve (and thereby may be used as a means to achieve). In what follows, I frame their use in terms of situational, discursive, and social context. I will begin with an extended example through which the framework will become clear.The Qeqchi interjection chix indexes loathsome objects in the situational context. For example, when picking up his bun of food from the ground, a man notices that he has set it in chicken feces. Chix, he says, scraping the bowl on the dirt to wipe off the feces. His wife, herself responsible for the chicken, then takes his bowl for herself and gives him a new one. Similarly, when opening the door to her house early one morning, a wo man notices that the dog has vomited right outside the doorway. Chix, she says, and her ? ve-year-old son comes over to look.She tells him to rise up it away with a machete. Like most interjections that have indexical objects in the situational context, this interjection serves to call anothers attention to the object. 8 Relatedly, and as a function of responsibility assessment (husband 1 wife 1 child), it directs anothers attention to what must be cleaned up, avoided, etc. The interjection chix may also be reversed to index a sign denoting or characterizing a loathsome object (see Buhler 1990). In such cases of sign-based transposition, ? the interjection is in a relationship of contiguity with a 8.Montes (19991293) notes that most of the Spanish interjections she examined seem to be associated with seeing. We ? nd that a large number of the interjections ah, oh, uh, ay, oy, uy used in the conversations examined co-occur with directives to see or look at or as a response to these directives. k o c k e l m a n The Meanings of Interjections in Qeqchi Maya F 471 sign that denotes or characterizes the object or event in question (rather than being in contiguity with the actual object or event, as in the usage of chix just discussed).In other words, it is as if the speaker were inhabiting the frame of the narrated event (Buhler 1990). In this way, ? the interjection chix indexes not just ugliness but also signs that refer to or predicate qualities of loathsome objects. Insofar as the denotatum of such a sign has the same qualities and values as the object itself, the modality of contiguity (being able to taste, interrelate, see, or smell the object in question) is suspended while the ontological class of the object (loathsomeness) is maintained.For example, in telling a story to a group ofmen about a friend who was bitten by a poisonous spider while working on a plantation in the lowland area of Guatemala, the speaker describes the pus blisters that rose up on his friends arm. Chix, says one of the men listening.The other men laugh, and before continuing his story the speaker adds that the pus blisters took two weeks to heal. Like most interjections that undergo signbased transposition, such usage often serves as a backchannel cue, indicating that the speaker is listening but cannot or does not want to contribute to the topic at hand (Brown and Yule 19839094 Duncan 1973 compare the usage of mmm or jeez in English).Lastly, the interjection chix may be transposed to index an addressees relation of contiguity with a loathsome object. In such cases of addressee-based transposition, the situational indexical object is transposed to a person other than the speaker. The speakers sign is audible (a relation of contiguity) to the addressee, who is in a relationship of contiguity with the object. In other words, it is as if the speaker were inhabiting the ad? dressees current corporal?eld (see Buhler 1990, Hanks 1990), and, again, the modality of contiguity is suspended while the ontological class is maintained.For example, a mother ceremonial her three-year-old son approach a dog that is defecating wormy stool calls out to him Chix. The child stops his advance and watches from a distance. In this most addressee-focused way, the sign is used by a parent to index that a child is within reach (typically tactile) of a disgusting object and serves as an imperative not to touch the object.Interjections are primarily indexical (see Peirce 1955) in that they stand for their objects by a relationship of contiguity rather than by a relationship of convention (as in the case of symbols) or similarity (as in the case of icons). 9 Although the indexical modality of interjections is emphasized in this article, the symbolic modality is always present in at least two interrelated ways. First, and trivially, the interjection itself has a standard9. If interjections were iconic, then they would be expected to resemble their objects.The pro blem with this, as exempli?ed by Kryk-Kastovskys (1997) argument that interjections are the most iconic of all linguistic elements expressing surprise, is that one needs to know what surprise looks like when usually our only indication of surprise is the interjection or behavior itself. However, interjections as indexical of situational and discursive objects do in certain cases have iconic modalities of meaning (see, e. g. , the discussion of ay, ay dios, and ay dios atinyuwa below). ized but relatively arbitrary form that is conventionally used by members of a given linguistic community.Second, interjections conventionally stand in a relation of contiguity with particular classes of objects. These conventional classes of indexical objects are present in two ways. First, across interjections, one may characterize what semiotic class of objects is being indexed. Second, in the case of any particular interjection, one may characterize what ontological class of objects is being indexe d. Besides indexing objects or signs in the immediate context, interjections have pragmatic functions they serve as a means to achieve certain ends.For example, chix variously serves as an attentative (when nontransposed), a back-channel cue (when undergoing sign-based transposition), and an imperative (when undergoing addressee-based transposition). Both the objects indexed and the pragmatic functions served (see Silverstein 1987) are integral aspects of the meanings of interjections. Finally, interjections may index more than one object at once. In particular, they may index objects, signs, internal states, and social relations. In what follows, I will refer to these distinct types of indexical objects as situational, discursive, expressive, and social, respectively.Situational indexical objects are the objects or events in the immediate context of the speech event. Discursive indexical objects are the signs that occur in the speech event. 10 Together, situational and discursive i ndexical objects are the most stable co-occurrence regularities that interjections possess and therefore the only ones that are easy to tabulate. communicative indexical objects are the intentional stances of the speakerthe putative mental states, whether construed as cognitive or emotive.11 Lastly, social indexical objects are the various social roles inhabited by the speaker or addressee (gender, ethnicity, age, etc. ) or the social relations that exist between the two (status, deference, politeness, etc. ). For example, chix may index not only a loathsome object in the situational context but a social relation (parentchild, husband-wife, raconteurappreciative listener) and, in many cases, an internal state (disgust). And the interjection ay not only indexes a painful object in the situational context or an unexpected answer in the dis10.This is not quite the standard distinction between text and context (Montes 1999 and Wilkins 1992). For example, while it is tempting to put sig n-based transposition into the discursive context for the purposes of schematizing the data, sign-based transpositions make sense only in terms of the qualities of the objects referred to by the sign indexed by the interjection. In contrast, an unsolicited response such as a dubitive is directed at the truth of anothers assertion rather than at any particular quality of the state of affairs predicated by that assertion.For this reason, dubitives belong to the discursive context and sign-based transpositions to the situational context. 11. Whereas interjections creatively index expressive indexical objects in that the interjection is often the only sign of the internal state in question, they presupposedly index situational and discursive indexical objects in that both interjection and indexical object are simultaneously present in context (see Silverstein 1976 for this distinction).This disagreement in semiotic status (presupposing/creative) maps onto a putative difference in ontol ogical status (world/mind). 472 F c u r r e n t a n t h ro p o l o g y Volume 44, Number 4, AugustOctober 2003 cursive context but also an internal state (pain) in the expressive context and a role in the social context (in particular, female gender). Many interjections index signs in the discursive context in that they co-occur with (or serve as) a response to an addressees previous utterance or a nonresponse.In the case of a response, the use of an interjection occurs after and makes sense only relative to the addressees previous utterance. For example, the interjection ih indexes an addressees previous statement and serves as a registerative, indicating that the speaker has heard and understood the statement. In the case of a nonresponse, the interjection may either elicit an addressees utterance (and thereby occur before it) or occur in the thick of the speaker.

Minorities Fall Victim to Achievement Gap

The studies do non Ill and give proof that there Is a problem occurring in Ameri give the sack schools. A resolving needs to be derived fast and, a senior admissions officer at Harvard university takes he has a simple-?yet effective-?method to solve the problem. In the essay, Paying Kids to force field? Its Not a Crazy Idea, David L Evans believes we should give incentives to minorities in order to motivate them to strive for academic greatness.First, Evans explains that Tiger Woods and Serene and Venus Williams atomic number 18 at the top of their game and are minorities In their ruinicular sport(11 Evans states that these athletes give minorities a role model to look up to and a reason to tactile sensation slap-up about being assorted. Tiger Woods and Serene and Venus Williams give students a reason to be leave in hard lap up and that perseverance pays off, explains Evans. When Woods and the Williams sisters win a match or tournament, they are give backed with a trophy a nd/or money. Evans c in wholes these Incentives, which reward them for their hard work and dedication.Therefore, Evans believes that all minority students should receive incentives Like their favorite major athletes. Evans explains that we should do the same by giving fabric rewards or monetary inducements to minority students as motivation to do well academically (11). Further, Evans explains that this might seem like a crazy vagary but that it is a very thought out plan. Evans explains that some of the most tell apart colleges defecate awarded student for their accomplishment. In the same manner, Evans explains that there are Insurance businesses that have discounts for students with good grade.Evans believes molesters should receive such incentives through individuals or groups that would give a couple hundred dollars away to students that have greatly improved their grades. Instead of money Evans says that students may receive clothing, sneakers, invitations to fancy din ners tit famous personalities or chauffeur-driven limousines to proms could officiate the same purpose (11). To continue, Evans explains that in time though there were many obstacles for Tiger and the Williams sisters to overcome, they still managed to Decode emailed role models In a society Tanat Is In unremitting pursuit AT secular rewards (11).To conclude, Evans states that we should recognize academic success and reward students with more(prenominal) than Just the usual pat on the back (11). even though, Evans idea of giving rewards-?material or monetary-?to minority students is a great idea on paper, but fails when faced with the real world. Evans fails to see the consequences that could arise and he fails to work that this give non work for every minority student, for everyone is different.Evans should have thought how couple pressure from playacting White really affects students, how moral values and material rewards do not mix, how damages intrinsic values and will not increase self-pride, and how professional athletes as role models rout out increase academic difficulties. Furthermore, the deed gap is the gap between minority students and non- minority students academically. As stated above, the achievement gap can be seen wrought test scores, grades, drop-out and graduation rates, and c lack to every relevant indicator of academic doing ( march on).Although there are probably hundreds of contributing concomitantors, some are family problems, low-incomes, social problems, and learning problems. Many researchers, reformers, and educators ofttimes use the achievement gap compare the gap between White and African-American students, it is overly use to compare the gap between Latino students. The achievement gap is also caused by students who have certain disadvantages and attend schools that are unable to understand their particular needs and only hurt hem even more.Another example that shows the achievement gap are the results of the 20 06 California Standards Test, which showed that 60. 3% of Whites, 29% of African-Americans, and 27. 4% of Hispanics scored proficiency in English-Language Arts and 53% of Whites, 24. 9% of African-Americans, and 29. 8% of Hispanics scored proficiency in Math (OConnell). Peer pressure in school can affect many aspects of a students life and among them is academic achievement. As explained by Evans, Acting White is when an African-American student stands apart from the crowd (11). Acting White by Roland G.Fryer, an assistant professor of economics, explains that acting white can be characterized by the academically inclined, but allegedly snobbish, minority students who were shunned by their peers (53). What Fryer means that they are the minority students who excel in school-?often the richer-?and are separated from their peers because of all the pressure they receive for acting white. To be precise, Fryer explains that for this essay, acting white refers to a set of social interacti ons in which minority adolescents who get good grades in school enjoy less social popularity than white students who do well academically (53).Further, acting white is most prevalent in racially integrated globe schools, where there is a greater ratio of white to black (54). Fryer explains that there are many variations to the definition of what acting white is, but all show a similar reference to situations where some minority adolescents ridicule their minority peers for engaging in behaviors perceived to be characteristics of whites (54). Fryer also says that since teaching a book or getting good grades might be perceived as acting white that suffers the topic a matter of national concern (54).As black students Gaps increase above a 3. Level, they tend to have fewer and fewer friends (56). Fryer institute through his research that black students did not have the peer pressure of acting white when attending an all Dalai cocoons, out 010 when attending an Integrated cocoons. H e also salsa TN African American students that went to a private school had more friends and more cross-ethnic friendships (58). In the essay, The Significance of Race in the Racial Gap in Academic Achievement, Pedro A.Encourage, a professor in the graduate School of Education at Harvard University, and Anti Oakum, a doctoral student in Sociology at he University of Pennsylvania, explain that even when a minority student makes the particular requirements for advanced placement(AP), they will often decline the offer because they do not want to lose their friends. Further, Encourage and Oakum explain that this is also rightful(a) will other things such as the school band, newspaper, debating team or honors society. Acting white plays a huge role in a students peer group they want to be in the popular group or the sports group and despite their parents words of advice they would rather listen to their peer group, which could lead them the abuse way. While Evans goes about his idea of giving rewards to minority students who show improvement in their academics, he makes the assumption that all minorities will participate. Although, incentives might sound good to an African- American student or Hispanic student, it still does not erase the peer pressure students feel from their peers when they excel in school.The feeling of being real in a group is greater than that of an education. In the essay Money for Mortality sic, Mary Argues, a freelance writer living in Reading, PA, explains that rewards can damage the virtues of honesty and kindness. A reward is a gift any gift should at least be met with the presumption of genuine gratitude on the part of the giver, explains Argues. To show how our society believes a good deed must end with a reward, Argues tells a story about a young boy who found an envelope full of money and hark backed it to its right-full owner.When the boys school heard of his great deed, they persisted to say that some sort of reward was require d and that they $3 he received was cheap. To make things worse, the school presented him with a $1 50 savings bond. Argues believes that his mined the boys experience of self-gratitude. When Argues son came to her asking for $10 for every A she said, dowing well is its own reward. The A Just confirms that. Argues makes clear that she does praise her son but Just not with money or other incentives.She explains that it is not meant to reward or elicit future achievement, but rather to express my genuine delight in the satisfaction he feels at having done his best. Argues main point is that rewards cause us to lose sight of our virtues, leaving us incapable of feeling a genuine sense of inner peace. In the essay, Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator, vivification Cohn, a Cambridge, MA writer, explains that many muckle believe that rewards promote better performance. Cohn explains that psychologists have been finding that rewards can lower performance levels, especially when th e performance involves creativity. The sense that something is worth doing for its own sake Declines when someone is rewarded for doing it (Cohn). Cohn said that when he studied a group of young children that were rewarded for immerseing, they became less likely to draw by themselves than that of children who would draw because they enjoyed it.Cohn explains two reasons why rewards hurt performance first, rewards encourage citizenry to focus narrowly on a task, to do it as quickly as come-at-able and to take few risks second, people come to see themselves as being controlled by the reward. Evans fails to realize the difference Detente reward Ana award. A reward Is something glen In return Tort something done and an award is given after being Judged. Evans confuses the two when he is explaining how major athletes receive rewards when they win a game or a math or a tournament.Argues and Cohn both see the affects rewards-?creativity and titivation-?can have on a child or a student . Argues sees it through every day things such as reading the newspaper whereas, Cohn sees it through things such as research. Rewards can ultimately damage intrinsic values and will not increase self-esteem. Steven Rises, a professor of psychology at Ohio State University, explains intrinsic motivations as doing something because you want to and extrinsic motivations as seeking a reward. Rises explains that money can be an effective motivator and so can grades, and that everyone is different, therefore, people will have different ways f being motivated. Rises continues to say that some people are very curious and enjoy spending a great deal of time learning on their own, but there are also people that dont enjoy learning for its own sake. Rises explains that many people might not be intrinsically motivated because of the negative feelings they cause, such as performance anxiety. In the article The Feel-good Trap, Richard Westbound believes that a students ability to learn does not deal with rewards or acting white, but that they have no confidence in their ability to learn (12). Westbound explains hat the self-esteem movement believes that rgassing their self-esteem would boost their achievement (12). Westbound disagrees with the self-esteem movement and says self-esteem has little or no impact on academic achievement, or on drug use, violence or any other serious problems (12). Even if schools were to raise students self-esteem levels they would be unable to manage humiliation or maturity (12).Westbound believes too much unconditional praise produces not self-confidence but cynicism about adults and doubts about themselves (12). Further, Westbound explains that objet dart focusing on self-esteem teachers dumb down curricula, inflate grades and avoid discussing real academic problems with parents (13). Westbound believes schools need to drop the idea of self-esteem entirely and should instead set high expectations of children, cultivate in them a wide rang e of competencies, coping strategies and ethical sensibilities, and show them the value of these abilities (13).Adults need to spend more time with children and not take the short cut by constantly praising children and giving them their time and attention that they so need and deserve. (13). Westbound believes parents should be more involved in school and help out more at home, in order to fix the achievement gap. On the opposite side, Evans believes rewards will motivate minority students because they will not themselves and that self-esteem issues will be resolved be rewards and improved academics.In comparison, Rises believes that rewards work only for certain people different people are motivated by different things. Also, Westbound believes that no reward or motivator will ever affect a students self-esteem because the issue is set deep within the brain, which rewards will fail to fix. In the essay, The Significance of Race in the Racial Gap in Academic Achievement, Encourage and Oakum see how looking up to major league athletes as role models can affect a students attitudes towards school.Encourage and Oakum explain that many young people believe that they have a greater chance of Decoding a mainly pal tinplate or rap artist than an engineer, doctor or steward programmer. Even though, the odds of being in a major league sport are very few, students will still set their lives primarily on sports not leaving adequate time for academics. Differing from Encourage and Oakum, Evans believes professional athletes would become the basis of all role models for minority students. Evans fails to realize that this could have major affects on a students academic achievement.To conclude, Evans makes a whole bunch of assumptions that were not supported by proper evidence. Acting White is much more than standing out in the crowd it is about minority students feeling socially obligated to decline sports or academics, so they will not lose the friends they have. When a child is development up they are learning at a rapid pace and then there moral values are screwed up by material rewards, Hereford learning to become dependent on a reward in order to do something once a student receives a reward for a good grade, they will not have the same feelings toward school as before.Rewards can damage intrinsic values by giving people the perception that they can only complete or do something if they are rewarded for their efforts further, self-esteem is not something that can be fixed by rewards, due to the fact that is requires much more. Lastly, professional athletes are not role models worth looking up to because they can only twist and tangle students attitudes awards school they feel they have a better chance of making it in a major league sport than in any academically required profession.

Learning from the Past

Learning about the past Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the stage. Do you oppose or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There are several views from the people, whether important or not for us keep memorizing the thing that had happened in the past and then try to put on ours life now. For this topic, I would like to discuss about the positive and negative impacts that we can get from that. initial of all, there are some proverbs said, the bad experiences are the best teacher that can bring us to live more better in the present or future.For instance, when the first time we learned how to drive a car, probably we might have gotten accident because of lack experiences, but by the time we had already used to it, we will able to drive with easily and pretty sure we know how to handle the car even though the road is treacherous. In addition, breeding about the past can make us more efficient either in time or money. Moreo ver, we can give a honest impacts to other people too. In general, the child will always follow in his/her parents behavior during the process of maturity.However, there are also some untoward results that we can get if we still stick with something in the past. People who had ever committed with drugs, they should try to forget it. Otherwise, they will never move on. In my opinion, I agree that learning about something in the past can bring us some value, success will not come without failure, especially doddering history, that can make our next generation become appreciate about their ancestors and interest to know the history of the world.

Portugal Exploration Essay

Introduction The Portuguese Exploration highlighted the countrys ascendancy to economic growth and power. Explorations argon never easy endeavors. New lands forget be instructed, wherein achieving success is indeed very uncertain. Moreover, the mere fact that the country needs to supply all the materialsfrom food to ship repairs, atomic number 18 too expensive. However, although geographic expeditions be masked by doubt and hopeless skies, its out screw dope lead to enormous wealth and makes that will en fit the farming to experience abundance in succeeding years to come. When Portugal never gave up its hopes and dreams regarding land discoveries, such big decision resulted to positive results. At the onset of the 16th century, Portugal pioneered explorations in the whole bunk of Europe, thus, discovering more and new routes to Africa, the Atlantic, Asia and even South America (Portugal n.d). In the beginning, nobody has expected Portugal to literally moderate the world. T he race was then torn with poverty and to a certain extent, economic deterioration (Arnold 2002, p. 22). Given this situation at hand, domination is impartly taken out of the picture. If Portugal push aside non even feed its own people, then it would be readily impossible for it to arrest the removes of land explorations and discoveries. However, this did not prevent the nation from pursuing its dreamsfrom materializing the lead to make its name within the torn pages of history books.It morose out that Portugals seemingly hopeless case is one of its greatest blessings. Since the country was in its severe state, it has no other choice moreover to go a colossal with the explorations. If success seems to be impossible within the domain of land-based expansion, then in that respect is still hope when such is done overseas (Arnold 2002, p.22). As Arnold (2002) explained, Portugals navigation success basically replaced the land-based orientation of wealth and power that was co mpriseed by the evolving Spanish (empire) (p. 22).Factors determining Portugals exploration success There are variant factors that are attributed to Portugals exploration successes. These three are highly characterized by maritime development as well as the undying support assumption by the Portuguese government. The first factor has something to do with Portugals geographic position (Portugal n.d). Portugal hind end be seen along the west side of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal n.d). Livingstone implied (1993) that the nation is readily blessed with its strategic location (p. 41). It possesses rivers that are long enough to be navigated (Livingstone 1993, p. 41). It has favorable winds (Livingstone 1993, p. 41) that can take ships into their planned journeys or destination. The last but not the least is the existence of raw and organic harbors which creates a perfect and highly suitable setting for maritime development (Livingstone 1993, p. 41). If one has to take a closer look, this aspect alone puts Portugal into a great advantage over its rivals or competitors. Once and for all, circumnavigating the world requires not only human skills, nature as well plays an important role. Although, exceptional navigation ta outgoows are expected to arise, there is no doubt that if nature decides to intervene, the course would be more difficult and complicated as expected. It can be to a fault implied that Portugals geographical design enabled the latter to discover more efficient routes from any angle. The crew can easily seek more unknown playing areas since they exhaust exhaustively reference points that are internal in establishing maps. On the other hand, the second factor can be traced to Portugals developing maritime economy (Portugal, n.d). The ports of Lisbon and Oporto became the cente of commerce and care for the country (Portugal n.d). Mostly of the financial means that were employ to support the voyages came from these trade districts (Portugal, n.d). However, aside from financial bac great power the navigation plans, Maddision (2006) also mentioned that the bays and coast cities of Portugal is abundant enough to supply the needs and demands of the local residents (p.22). Aside from trading per se, it can be seen that Portugal has other ways of gaining incomes, shekels and revenues.But then again, perhaps the greatest contributions of the maritime industry are the vast knowledge and information that Portuguese fisherman has learned due to their unending and continuous immersion with the Atlantic seas (Maddison 2006, p.22). Their mastery of sea winds, tides and weather (Maddison 2006, p.22). It allowed Portuguese explorers and navigators to conduct more research on navigation. Yet, more than anything else, they were able to build ships that can withstand the pressures and hardships brought forth by unfathomable oceans (Maddison 2006, p.22). They created lateen sails and in the long run, they combined it with square sails which allowed them to sail through the South Atlantic and encourage discover more ways or routes in the ness area (Maddison 2006, p.22). Lastly, the third determinant of the Portuguese explorations success stems from the fact that its monarchy readily showed support and encouragement for these plans (Portugal n.d). The government ensured that tax privileges and insurances are available for both the ship owners and navigators (Portugal n.d). As a thing of fact, it is not only the king that readily lent a helping hand to make these undertakings possible. Even members of the aristocracy assured that they can be pillars of strength and encouragement (Portugal n.d). Obviously, without the systems support and permission, the voyages would not happen. As previously mentioned, even if there are enough materials and supplies if the monarchy is not open to the idea, then Portugals domination may not come into place.The essential role of the Portuguese government, in this aspect can be brie fly understood in several(prenominal) points. Once and for all, the tax regulations enabled the nation to satisfy the prerogatives of exploration and at the same time ensure a healthy lifestyle for its local citizens. Second, the monarchy served as a strong influence for both the explorers and local residents. If the king refused such plans, then the public would not be able to recognize its value and importance.Since local residents are the ones who are chiefly involved in ware works, the explorers would thrust a hard and difficult time convincing these people most their dreams and visions, if the king per se, would show doubts regarding the matter. Moreover, the monarchy is in charge of making decisions on how they can possible benefit from the discoveries that they madeto be more specific, the Portuguese government is in charge of devising strategies on how they can possible gain net profit and revenues on new routes and land areas. This is important for unless the people kno w that they benefit from it, they would continue to support such plan.A Brief History of Portugal Exploration In order to further reasons behind the success ad failure of the Portuguese exploration, it is best to have a brief discussion or outline of the nations navigation history. As mentioned earlier, the contributions of Portugal in the world can neither be questioned not taken for granted. Even though it has eventually declined in the long years to come, it cannot be discounted that Portugal is one of the few nations that have managed to maintain and still control its colonies by the end of the 19th century (Diffie & Winius 1977, p. 4). The mere fact that it was able to sustain such set-up exemplifies its power and strength. Diffie and winius (1977) explained that Portugal was inspired by the accomplishments of the Han and Roman Empires (p.4). However, since it cannot fully embarked on land-based conquests and imperialism, discovering other lands became the last recourse, and as discussed, natures blessings made a way for the nation embarked on long journeys and voyages. The foundations of the Portuguese exploration can be traced to as far as 1415 (Wiarda 200, p. 21). In those times, Ceuta was then considered as the cracker bonbon of raciness trade in the west (Wiarda 2000, p.21). Portugal has managed to put Ceuta under its control and thus the urge to control more lands became irresistible. While Ceuta was then an important investment for Portugal, Wiarda (2000), however line of businessd that Portugals main goal by that time was to spread Christianity to Morrocco (p.4). Within the aspect of colonialism, religion is an indespensbale tool. The Portuguese readily used the matter to interact with the natives. Due to language barriers, it would be hard for both the colonizers and the colony to understand or communicate with each other. Thus, the concept of having a Supreme be bridged the gap between the two races. But on a closer examination, the downfal l of Morocco, inspired many of Portuguese warriors and soldiers to bring more honor, glory and prestigiousness to their very own mother country (Wiarda 200, p.187). In addition to that, Prince Henry who happened to be the very first supporter of Portuguese explorations have heard stories from prisoners about lands and areas that were still undiscovered (Portugal n.d). The capture of Morocco allowed Prince Henry to have his first taste of the African cost (Portugal n.d). Having said this, indeed, his curiosity was further heightened. The excitement and passion to conquer more lands became stronger than ever.Prince Henry The Navigator The success in Ceuta encouraged Prince Henry to show his undying support to explorations. Prince Henry can be best expound as someone who knew how to transform his visions and ideals into realistic issues and concerns. The prince knows that explorations may not necessarily yield to positive results. But this did not discourage him. Despite of the fact that there is a strong enthusiasm and excitement on Prince Henrys part, Wiarda (2000) stated that this does not mean that that the young leader was already aware of explorations benefits and advantages (p.21). consort to Wiarda (2000) Prince Henrys primary concern by then was the budding market for exotic and wild brutes (p.21). But in the long run, explorations commercial benefit was slowly embedded into the princes young mind. On the other hand, the materialization of Prince Henrys dreams came into the picture during the reign of Joao II (Wiarda 2000, p. 21). The foundations of an exploration plan have been successfully laid out. Gallagher (2003) noted that the first move was to discover a route from Africa that can easily lead to India (p.5). With all these endeavors, the monarchy assured that they will turn to all the transactions and see to it that it profiteering activities would be efficiently managed (Gallagher 2003, p. 80). The competition against Spain led Portugal to keep its navigation development in extreme secrecy (Gallagher 2003, p.5). Even the voyages per se were kept confidential (Gallagher 2003, p5). During those times, Cape Bojador was seen as the end of the world (Wiarda 2000, p.187). Since there is already a signal pr permission from the monarchy to explore more, Prince Henry in render, challenged his men to go beyond the limits of Cape Bojardor (Wiarda 2000, p. 187). The whole crew landed in Madeira in 1420 and seven years after, the Portuguese explorers made their first whole tone in Azores (Keefee et. al 1977, p.60). This was also the time when Portugal finally confirmed that Cape Bojador was not the worlds end point (Keefe et.al 1977, p.60). This is simply the start of Portugals domination. Even though the so-called Navigator died in 1460 (Portugal, n.d), his legacies was continued and still promoted by the succeeding Portugal rulers. Historians and members of the academe outlined several distinct reasons regarding Prince Henrys obsessions. One of this is the urge to know more lands beyond Cape Bojador (Portugal n.d). In an era wherein bigger colonies equate to more economic successes, going beyond Cape Bojadors geographical limitations is an outright advantage. Another reason is Portugals aim to develop trade relations to other areas or counties (Portugal n.d). There is also the aim to study the strength of their rivals and at the same time, ensure that battles will be waged against those who opposed Christianity and therefore ensure that the religion would proliferate (Portugal n.d).Reasons for Exploration In normal and not only for Portugal, there are three determinants of why explorations happen or occur. The first one has something to do with the spice trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). Spices such as nutmeg, mace, ginger, cinnamon and paper are pretty general in the European regions trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236). The Ottomans were able to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean barter trade (Roupp 2001, p. 236) Because of this, European envoys had no other choice but to look for alternative routes. Since spices are very much in demand, there is no doubt that to make a spice supplier would indeed result to an increase in profits and revenues. The supply is low and the demands are high. Therefore, those who are able to satisfy the demand can also ask for a higher price. This argument are also supported by Kiple and Omelas (2000, p.436). Kiple and Omelas (2000) mentioned that many European countries, most especially those which are engaged in exploration are also seeking for a new route to get a steady supply of spices (p. 436). This according to the two, prompted competing nations to further improve their navigation tactics and skills. The competition is stiff and they cannot remain calm. However, as for this case, since Portugal has already explored the areas beyond Cape Bojador, the challenge became an easy feat for the country. During the initial steps, it was the Arabs that has tot al control over the matter (Wolpert 1999, p.45). However, a small fleet, headed by Vasco de Gama made the Arabs surrender (Wolpert 1999, p.45). According to Wolpert (1999), although De Gamas success enabled Portugal to establish a monopoly over spice trade (p.45). His triumph and glory is more than enough to pay from all the expenses that were spent during his journey (Wolpert 1999, p.45). Roupp (2001) also noted that technology can be also considered as one of Portugals motivating force for explorations (p. 236). The technological aspect means that as man continue to develop materials and tools to satisfy their needs, this brought them other opportunities. As for the case of Portugal, since they are able to build ships and sails that are highly capable or navigating the earth, soon they found it that if they can further enhance these materials and incorporate several functions such as incorporating military weapons like the cannons, for poser, they can easily defeat their enemies and those who are creating conflicts and hindrances (Roupp 2001, p. 236). Lastly, Roupp (2001) stressed that curiosity levels were readily high during the Renaissance period and thus, it became a motivational force for many nations to explore more of the unknown world (p.236). In the meantime, if one has to critically assess it, it is apparent that the goal for profit and revenues best explains the intensity of Portuguese explorations. As readily discussed, the passing years allowed Portugal to diversify its economic hold and control. Prince Henrys focus on the exotic animal market shifted into another realm since the monarchy has also recognized the other benefits of voyages and expeditions. It can be also remembered that Portugal is also one of the pioneers of the slave trade in Africa.Since they have discovered more lands in the said continent, colonization was reshaped. From goods that are bartered, human trade became popular too. The cheap labor rendered by captured slaves and prisoners were seen as a good source of profit and income. Moreover, there is also the spice trade which further strengthened Portugals domination. Since they basically spearheaded the exploration quests and technology, they have readily capitalized on it. The return of investments was more than what they have expected.Portugals Failure Although Portugal was basically at the apex of its exploration successes the country failed to see certain events that would eventually lead to its bitter downfall. by chance this can be best explained by the countrys inability to manage all its colonies (Portugal n.d). It has been carefully discussed in this paper that Portugal was able to discover more lands. This readily means that once they have settled in those areas, they have to efficiently supervise all the activities that occur in it. This situation should not come as a surprise or it is rather expected. First of all, it is pretty impossible for Portugal to directly manage its colonies sinc e they are miles away from each other. The empire has to hop out its people to those areas in order to ensure that everything falls in their proper places. But distant lands prohibit simultaneous coordination and interaction among the leaders. For the monarchy, it is pretty hard for it to establish appropriate solutions and regulations for their colonies unless they have actual experience of the problem that is being manifested in a particular area. It would take months and years before updates and reports can be turn over to the King. The moment that actions are ratified and certain laws are promulgated, there is a strong tendency that the problem has already become worse or the approaches used are no longer applicable. In addition to that, viceroys and appointed leaders have to be financially supported by the monarchy. This is done to ensure that area rulers have enough supply of food and other materials to sustain their everyday lives and activities. But of course, the financia l support came from the local residents taxes and hard-earned money. In the long run, there are also instances wherein the monarchy can no longer back-up and support these needs. This is most especially true if Portuguese leaders have already built their families in their several(prenominal) colonies. As a result, the profits and revenues that they have collected from their colonies are barely enough for them to extend their stays and manage their specific domains. It is also important to note that distance issues are also prone to illegal activities. Appointed leaders could be tempted by the seemingly lucrative activities that are present in their colonies. When monitoring, organise and interacting are rarely practiced, then there is no doubt that Portuguese found itself on the losing end. The last but definitely not the least is the conclusion of King Sebastian (Portugal n.d). This sad event proved to be a golden opportunity for Spain. King Philip II, who was the Spains rulers and King Sebastians uncle took over the latters position. What happened to Portugal then was that, it became Spains province (Portugal n.d). Relatively, the techniques and strategies that Portugal created and developed were exploited by Spain. Thus all the forthcoming success was now done in the name of Spain preferably of Portugal.Conclusion Portugal is basically engulfed with the sweet promises of explorations and land discoveries. Although Roupp (2001) suggested that curiosity plays an important role, this aspect is outlasted by the need for profit and revenues (p.236). Once and for all, since Portugal has captured Ceuta, they have already recognized that if they can discover more lands, they can use the domains working force to their own advantage. They can ask the natives to produce goods that are widely popular in the European market. Moreover, it is pretty impossible to conclude that Portugal simply tried to know new routes for curiositys sake alone. The spice trade for exam ple and the countrys domination and supremacy on the said area are manifestations of the unrelenting drive for both economic and geographic expansion. However, since offshore concern was not efficiently executed, such led to the downfall of what was once considered as the globes superpower.ReferencesArnold, D. 2002. The Age of Discovery, 1400-1600. Routledge USADiffie, B and Winius, D. (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire. manganese, USA University of Minnesota PressGallagher, A. (2003). Prince Henry the Navigator Pioneer of Modern Exploration. New York Rosen Publishing Group IncKeefe, E. et. al (1977). Area Handbook for Portugal. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing daubKiple, K and Omelas, K. 2000. The Cambridge World History of Food. Cambridge University Press EdinburghLivingstone, D. 1993. The Geographical Tradition Episodes in the History of A Contested Enterprise. Blackwell Publishing USAMaddisson, A. 2006. The World Economy. OECD FrancePortugal n.d. Univers ity of Calgary. Retrieved 18 swear out 2008 from http//www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.htmlRoupp, H. 2001. How to Prepare for SAT II. Barrons New YorkWiarda, I. (2000). Handbook of Portuguese Studies. USA Xlibris CorporationWolpert, S. 1999. India. University of California Press Berkeley